Samhain – All Hallows Eve

The orchards are spent and the leaves are falling. The wind whispers from the north and darkness approaches in the cycle of life and land. The earth hails the approaching winter whereupon it will sleep beneath a layer of snow until the season of rebirth. During this ‘dying of the land’ the sunlight diminishes and the veil between the ‘world of the living’ and the ‘world of the dead’ grows thinner with each night.

In order to protect themselves against the coming winter and its devastations, villagers celebrate the feast of Samhain (summer’s end), the last harvest.

           

In the Middle Ages people were well aware that their livelihood depended on the land. The Gaelic calendar recognised this with four main festivals, Imbolc (spring), Beltane (summer), Lughnasadh (harvest season also known as Lammas), and Samhain (the onset of winter). Cattle were brought down from the summer pastures for slaughter and great bonfires were lit for the rituals of cleansing and protection.

It was also seen as a time when the spirits or fairies could enter the human world on All Hallows Eve – cross over to visit the living or perhaps, wreak havoc.

The souls of the dead were also thought to revisit their homes and feasts were held where the ancestors were beckoned to a place set at the table just for them.

Eventually there arose the custom of the living dressing up in disguise so that they could not be distinguished from the dead and have their souls snatched prematurely.

As Christianity took over the pagan beliefs, Pope Gregory I issued an edict (601 AD) to his missionaries concerning the native beliefs and customs of the peoples he hoped to convert. Rather than try to obliterate native peoples’ customs and beliefs, the pope instructed his missionaries to use them: if a group of people worshipped a tree, rather than cut it down, he advised them to consecrate it to Christ and allow its continued worship.

In the 9th century, the Roman Catholic Church shifted the date of All Saints Day to November 1st, while November 2nd became All Souls Day (for the souls awaiting full sanctification and moral perfection in Purgatory so they may gain entrance into Heaven) in line with the Celtic tradition of Samhain. The Triduum of All Hallows being Samhain or All Hallows Eve, All Saints Day and All Souls Day was known as Hallowmas but eventually became just Halloween (Oct 31).

The feasting was a typical medieval event, much food, drink, games and fraternising.

One game played at Samhain called for a noble at the high table to be disguised as King Crispin. Dressed in magnificent robes, crowned and flourishing a sceptre, he wears a heavy chain around his neck. Attached is a large medallion with the design of one big boot. King Crispin, (really Saint Crispin) is the patron saint of Cordwainers – cobblers, tanners and leatherwork (Cordwain or Cordovan leather from Spain). Since Saint Crispin’s Day is only a few days beforehand (Oct 25th – also linked with the battle of Azincourt 1415) the two were often combined.

Seven people who will be the ‘soulers’ have their masks ready (note the use of the Templar number seven).  At some point during the evening, the soulers will put on their masks and, carrying a small basket, set out to collect soul cakes. Walking briskly though the hall, the soulers will chant:

One for Peter, two for Paul

Three for Him who made us all.

If you haven’t got a cake, an apple will do,

If you haven’t got an apple, give a pear or two,

If you haven’t got a pear, then God bless you.

Soulers, still chanting, approach guests with much hilarity to collect gifts and everyone offers their soul cake, (a flat, oval cake with currants, cinnamon and nutmeg) or a piece of fruit. The soulers threaten punishment to those who do not contribute. One can imagine how, after several hours of ale-drinking, the evening would become! Eventually the seven baskets are set beneath the bonfire candelabrum for alms distribution.

As this was the time of year for divination, another game played was ‘Apple Bobbing.’ Each apple bobbed for was given the name of a desired mate. If the bobber succeeded in biting the apple on the first try, then his/her love would thrive. If the apple was caught on the second try, love would exist only briefly. Success on the third chance meant hate and four tries or more meant no luck with that person; name another.

The game dates back to when the Romans conquered Britain. bringing with them the apple tree, a representation of the goddess of fruit trees, Pomona. The combination of Pomona, a fertility goddess, and the Celts’ belief that the pentagram was a fertility symbol began the origins of bobbing for apples. When an apple is sliced in half, the seeds form a pentagram-like shape, and it is thought that the manifestation of such a symbol meant that the apple could be used to determine marriages during this time of year.

Here then are some of the ancient customs from which our modern day Halloween celebration has sprung; the dressing up, bobbing for apples and asking for candies in a basket (in place of soul cakes).

By Cathy T                                                                                                                        

A Knight in Shining Armour – the mettle beneath the metal – and does it really shine?

This month I wished to look beneath the suit of armour and find out what truly made a medieval knight. And who better to ask than our good friend, Sir Justyn. Sir Justyn is a re-enactor with his group Eslite d’Corps.

So, Sir Justyn, how would you describe a true knight?

Modern perceptions of the medieval knight range from the stereotypical knight in shining armour, performing great deeds of chivalry for his lady,

to the black knight; a dark hearted villain, oppressor of the common man and pompous, arrogant, lover of violence.

                                                                                                                   

Truth is the medieval knight was as hard to categorise.  They had diverse motivations, personalities and traits, some of which had included the paragons of chivalry and villainy as mentioned above, but also included such traits as negotiator and diplomat, shrewd tactician, politician, merchant, traveller, courtier, poet and lover – the list could go on and on.

Occupations, duties, motivations and personalities aside, the majority of medieval knights were orthodox individuals and as a result we can profile the ‘average’ knight to a certain degree with confidence. Works such as Geoffroi de Charny’s Book of Chivalry, Ramon Lull’s book of chivalry, surviving chronicles by Froissart and the Chandos Herald, the Canterbury Tales, Le Morte ‘d Arthur, the Song of Roland and even the famous German fectbutchs or “fight books”, offer us glimpses into what kind of man the medieval knight would have been like during war, tournament and during times of peace.

           

How was a knight trained?

The potential knight was trained, or groomed, if you will, from a very young age to accept martial activities as the norm. This, of course, went hand in hand with the more ‘courtly’ training of etiquette, social activities such as dancing, singing and music, geography, nature, linguistics and culture, just to name a few.

Other pastimes such as chess not only served as a social engagement but as an exercise in strategy and tactics. His martial training would have consisted of, but by no means limited to, hunting, hastiludes or ‘lance games,’ training in swordsmanship with an array of weapons and tactics and wrestling or grappling, even though unarmed combat or ‘the laying on of hands’ was considered ‘ungentlemanly.’

And all this training kept them fit?

Yes, with all of this physical activity it is easy to perceive that the average knight was in very good health and peak physical condition, much akin to a modern athlete. Effigies, brasses and medieval contemporary art also allude to the fact that the medieval knight was a lean, mean, fighting machine.

         

There were of course exceptions. Geffroi de Charny, in his 14^th century book of chivalry for example, laments how some of his fellow knights would seek to girdle themselves for reasons of vanity, instead of displaying the ‘bellies that God has given them.’ He goes on to say how some of these ‘girdles’ would be on so tight that they would impede the wearer to the point of exhaustion and lack of breath. Exceptions aside, being fit was more common than not.

Also of great importance to a knight was his horse or horses.

Sir Justyn

So important was this element that a man could never be a knight without having equestrian skills and his own horse or horses or the means to obtain a suitable warhorse if ever -heaven forbid- he should find himself without one.

His horsemanship skills would have been developed from a very early age and he was expected to be a competent if not expert rider by the time he became a squire in his early teens.

By this age he would have no doubt likely been introduced to falling from a mount at dangerous speeds during training or hunting. In actual fact many squires died during these pursuits and never became knights or fully-grown men for that matter.

One of the important symbols of the knight was his spurs.

If ever he should lose his title of knight, which would come about if he committed some great dishonour, his spurs would be hacked off with a blow of the sword. The symbology of this act represented the fact that without spurs a knight could not ride and not being able to ride meant not being a knight. Spurs were also symbolic in many formal occasions where a knight needed to display his rank and were worn during such events as well.

By the time he reached his adult age around 15 or 16, he would be participating in war and tournament.

         

Tournaments would have taught him about logistics of battle and the associated duties for a knight and his retinue on the move. It would usually serve as his induction to real war.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                Battle of Crecy

He was expected to be largely independent by this time though he would still be under the watchful eye of his older peers who played a part in his upbringing and training.

So would it have been like to be a knight?

He would be a very prominent figure in the eyes of those beneath him and a peer among his fellow knights.

He would have little time for fear of injury, hardship or death itself. Discomfort would be a necessity of life and so we could also imagine that he may not bemoan injury, hardship or death. This would paint a picture of a stoical man at arms or perhaps a carefree bachelor knight. His religious beliefs would also add to his demeanour. There was no life without religion in the Middle Ages and Christianity was accepted and unquestioned throughout feudal society. Religion was so important that entire armies would delay battles or cease hostilities during siege and battle to observe important dates on the Holy calendar.

Excommunication was a dire threat to the knight and he feared being denied entry to heaven more than death itself.

When not taking part wars, hunting, tournament or training the knight would take time to see to his personal household, assets and businesses and during his free time associate with other aristocrats both higher and lower in societal rank and display his skills of peace.

                       

Activities would include riding around his domain or his lord’s domain, learning the lay of the land in the process, attending church services, entertainment such as banquets, dance, singing, music, reciting poetry or listening to recitals, visiting friends and family and if he had the money to spare, visiting merchants, the armourer, stables and such purchasing new things.

      

Sir Justyn checking his estate                               Sir Justyn’s friend, the Baron

Sir Justyn and his lovely lady.

What is the ‘code of chivalry’?

The code of chivalry was an ideal that the knight or squire would attempt to live up to. It governed his actions when he was level-headed though he may lapse under times of duress, when losing his temper or when he became passionate about something or someone.

Weaknesses of character may also cause him to act outside of the boundaries of chivalry, though he might have peers close to him to remind him or set the example for him to follow and thus displaying the knightly virtue of Franchise.

Chivalry served as a guide to correct conduct in the company of peers, in the courts, on the battle or tourney field and occasionally to the common folk as well. Each knight strove to live up to these ideals as often as he could and though more often than not he fell short, it played a major deciding factor in his actions and demeanour.

       

The Final Profile

The medieval knight was a skilled horseman and he always had a horse close at hand.  He was certainly very fit, hardy and able. His skills as a combatant, combined with his equestrian ability made him a formidable force , especially when banded with his fellow knights.

His talents at taking lives on the field of battle made him feared and gave courage and heart to the men who fought on his side. He was a man of firm belief in his faith, authority and position. He was fearless Although he had a strong sense of justice and fair play, he also welcomed and relished the challenge of overwhelming odds and the chance to gain honour by fighting those who were famed as great knights. He was proud and passionate, humble and tempered. He was kind and loving to those close to his heart and relentless and fierce to his enemies. He was concerned with prestige and rank and thus concerned with income and wealth. Without these things he could not be a successful knight.

He was a noble made for war and was thusly concerned for all things warlike and noble.

Lions and Lilies would like to thank Sir Justyn for sharing his thoughts with us on the profile of a medieval knight. For more information on ‘Sir Justyn’ please visit his website at http://www.sirjustyn.com

Sir Justyn with the ladies from Lions and Lilies

(From Left: Cathy T, Sir Justyn, Cathy A)

By Cathy T